And I was the head. The concept of colonization fueled a world body of lore called frontier literature.A major segment of Western literature in North, Central, and South America, its songs, ballads, adventure tales, legends, humor, drama, and myth also flourish in the Pacific, particularly Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand. Entering Yale at age thirteen, Cooper was expelled in his third year for playing a prank. Webster’s International Dictionary, in 1890, described it as “that part of a country which fronts or faces another country or an unsettled region;…extreme part of a country.” In the 19th century it was statistically classified as an area having no fewer than two but no more than six European inhabitants per square mile (fewer than one to just over two Europeans per … In the first of Cooper's four Leatherstocking tales, the frontiersman Natty Bumppo, also known as Leatherstocking, is pitted against the forces of a developing, westward-moving American society. Presidential nominee John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) tapped into Americans' love of the frontier to call Americans to new action. his 1832 Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief of the Blood Tribe of Blackfeet, he became the first American to portray Indians with individual identities. Whole families or groups of people gathered to venture out into the unknown with a wagon train of supplies. New Frontier, political slogan used by U.S. Pres. Hist. Indeed, Cooper's constant quarrels with his neighbors, the press, and critics in 1833 were due in some part to his frank criticism of the evil aspects of the American dream. Four centuries after the discovery of America, the frontier had disappeared. Even here, however, the writer is justified in choosing the better parts of the physical environment and giving these elements the benefit of his romantic vision. There's something in pageants called 'pretty feet' which means standing with one foot behind the other in a 'T' shape. The American Frontier. ." Caxton and Shakespeare both employed it in the sense of a part of a country bordering on another.3 In modern French the word maintains its currency. Chapter 14 Homework Questions from Pageant. Western frontier life, folklore and reality of the lives of the men and women who participated in the last phase of the settlement of the U.S. frontier.The western territories of the United States were settled in several stages. In short, Cooper does not aim to reproduce exactly nor completely realistically the events he has selected. The land became "civilized" as pioneers forced Indians to move farther west, and the small settlements grew into thriving towns. Turner, Frederick Jackson. From memory he drew prairie schooners (covered wagons), buffalo stampedes, longhorn herds, cow camps, and saloons. Tap to unmute. The government would enforce these beliefs during the Indian wars that dragged on until the 1890s (see Chapter 3). The incident on the frontier touched off a major war. Mancall, Peter C., ed. While the fur traders and mountain men arrived first, and in some cases established American claims to territories, mass emigrations do more to illustrate the extraordinary pull of the frontier. In an article written in the United States Magazine and Democratic Review in 1845, newspaperman Few of the actual participants pondered or even realized this argument because they were too busy and uninformed. Sorry if there's a few unusual suggestions! Encyclopedia.com. Each of these tasks made up the process of "frontiering." Commonly regarded as the area where the settled portions of civilization meet the untamed wilderness, the frontier has persisted in America…, Frederic Remington I carry my babe, and lead, or rather carry, another through snow, mud and water, almost to my knees. It is in effect, not so much a final frontier as an ultimate frontier; the ultimate frontier – as wide as it is deep. NO. Westward Expansion Reference Library. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. For these Americans, "ahead of them, always ahead, danced the will-o'-the-wisp of illusive fortune: the untrapped beaver stream, the vein of gold ore, the fortunate land speculation. Cooper interpreted the American experience and raised it to the level of an epic. Describe the potential problems that the United States may face as it enters the 21st century. In the 1860s, novels sold for a dime apiece and reached a mass market. Believing themselves entitled to the land, Americans assumed the authority to dismiss other cultures' claims to the continent Americans desired. Cooper intends to idealize, to mythologize, and to elevate the subject of his romance. Turner's thesis revolutionized the way Americans thought of themselves. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. Key Terms and Concepts. Never before had a society offered all its citizens the opportunity for success. After the War of 1812 (1812–14) settlements civilized the land up to the banks of the Mississippi River. The frontier was the wilderness just outside the civilized towns; it offered people an opportunity to strike out and succeed on their own. For many the unclaimed lands to the west represented the opportunity of a lifetime—a chance to take control of their lives, to strike it rich, to make their own rules, or to claim their own land. Hurry Harry and Tom Hutter, who represent this brutal aspect of the frontier, engage in philosophical debate with Natty. (March 28, 2021). Nevertheless, the public still thrills to see displays of western skill. Describe changes in consumer culture during the 1950s in the following areas: food, television (& advertising), religion, sports, music, and sex 6. If he has not painted realistically but romantically, Cooper has contributed a philosophical and ideological rendition to the history of the American continent. Instead, they favored governance by many. The pioneers traveled across plains and deserts and over high mountain passes, taking a chance that there was a better life somewhere to the west. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. Schlissel, Lillian, ed. Previous The Red Pony. The frontier and its effect on the American character remain central to understanding what makes Americans unique. The idea that class lines would not condemn men to certain positions in life, Americans' desire for equality, and a trust in democracy shaped by the governments on the frontier have come to define some of the most vital American institutions. The frontier was the force that changed the lives of many Americans. The “American Frontier,” began with the first days of European settlement on the Atlantic coast and the eastern rivers. I went ahead with my children and I was afraid to look behind me for fear of seeing the wagons turn over into the mud ... My children gave out with cold and fatigue and could not travel and the boys had to unhitch the oxen and bring them and carry the children on to camp. These myths were reinforced later in television shows like Bonanza and The Lone Ranger. Describe the differing viewpoints on the social and psychological shocks brought on by the explosion of work opportunities for women. He believed that as President, he had a unique relationship with and responsibility to the people, and therefore wanted to challenge prevailing notions of limited government and individualism; government, he maintained, should serve as an agent of reform for the people. For the first settlers, the West began at the edge of Massachusetts Bay or Chesapeake Bay. He thought that the President had the right to use any and all powers unless they were specifically denied to him. Westward to the Pacific: An Overview of Westward Expansion. These people would pick up at a moment's notice to move farther into the frontier in search of a better life. Billington's description concurred with much that Turner had described, but he added insight into America's brand of governance. The following year, the carrier added more routes and cities and grew from there. Tom Mix (1880–1940) became the most popular western film hero of the silent era with his white hat and his sidekick horse. While traveling from Indiana over the Oregon Trail, pioneer Elizabeth Smith Geer recorded the hardships of emigration that shaped the character of many Americans. The Pageant of America: The Lure of The Frontier, A Story of Race Conflict. The trials and tribulations suffered by people who dared to enter an unknown wilderness made them stronger, more self-reliant, and more inventive. Benjamin W…, The French Stage at the Beginning of the Baroque, The French Revolution and the Crisis of Science, The Fruit Fly Group Contributes Key Discoveries to Genetics, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frontier-and-american-character. New York: Viking, 1945. Indeed, once settlers stopped and founded their own communities, they demanded certain protections from the federal government. The heroes and outlaws of the real West inspired many of the writers, who wrote about both real and imaginary westerners. He received his MFA from Antioch University LA, and published his 2018 chapbook, Put One Hand Up, Lean Back, with Unsolicited Press. How many Irish arrived in America 1830-1840? Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey. Turner, Frederick Jackson Although Cooper never visited the West, his character Leather-stocking became one of the most influential and enduring characters in American literature. Removing #book# 28 Mar. In most American textbooks, British impressment of sailors, British restriction of American trade and British support of Native Americans on the frontier are … New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1950. New York: Schocken Books, 1982. More than any history or novel or live performance about the western experience, however, movies have shaped the public's image of the West. The remaining Native American cultures bore the brunt of the drive to civilize the West. Affluence and Inequality . Though earlier artists created hundreds of pictures of the West, later painters, especially Frederic Remington (1861–1909) and Charles M. Russell (1864–1926), would define western art. Change up that panel and the results may be completely different. You can sort the descriptive words by uniqueness or commonness using the button above. Senator Thomas Hart Benton (1782–1858) noted that westward expansion "was not an act of government leading the people and protecting them, but ... it was the act of the people going forward without government aid or countenance [approval], establishing their possession and compelling the Government to follow with its shield and spread it over them," according to Richard White in "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West. Forging their own way or following others' dusty tracks, pioneers braved Indian attacks and unknown environments to find a satisfactory plot of land. The stories explore the conflicts between civilization and freedom and between law and nature. The public lapped up the Wild West show, and imitators scrambled to put on similar extravaganzas. In 1823, novelist James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) introduced his fictional frontier hero, Natty Bumppo, in The Pioneers. Words to Describe pageant. The Oxford History of the American West. Hardcover – January 1, 1929. by Ralph Henry (Series Editor and Author) Gabriel (Author) See all formats and editions. their lack of attachment to place, their eagerness to experiment and to favor the new over the old, all mark the people of the United States as unique. In fact, Turner felt that the "most important effect of the frontier has been in the promotion of democracy here and in Europe.". San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1996. By 1845, the fervor for westward expansion had become a national obsession. Both wore buckskins, lived alone in the wilderness, befriended some Indians and killed others, fought wild animals, and remained modest throughout their exploits. Detroit: Gale Research, 1999. Folsom, James K. The American Western Novel. of the range. His satirical attack upon the "literary offenses" of Cooper was based upon the unreal world of the American frontier depicted in the "Leatherstocking Tales." Retrieved March 28, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frontier-and-american-character. Two schools of literary interpretation and expression are involved in this controversy: Mark Twain belongs to the realist era toward the end of the 19th century, and Cooper is a romantic at the beginning of the same century. It is enough that the lake and its environs are accurate. In these "dime novels" the western developed as a distinct form of writing, one that relied on moral heroes, a great deal of action, and sentimental descriptions of the western landscape. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The Feminist Revolution The overland trails guided settlers to the fertile lands of opportunity in the West. "The myths they wove and those woven about them were in themselves a force that shaped the history of the West and of the country as a whole," according to O'Neil in The End of the Myth. Intrigued by a delegation of Indians he saw passing through Philadelphia, Catlin resolved to document them as a historian. In November 1847, she wrote: It rains and snows. Does that mean you are more or less valuable because they decided to lean a certain way one night? . With his portraits, including Billington, Ray Allen. George Catlin (1796–1872) was the first painter to devote his career to the West. As whites spread westward from the Atlantic coast, the boundary of the frontier also moved farther west. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The fact that The Deerslayer is a romance indicates this intention of the author, and Cooper defends this position in the prefaces. After trekking hundreds and sometimes thousands of miles, the pioneers built their homes and other necessary buildings, The first western film was The Great Train Robbery in 1903. Angela Duckworth is the world’s leading expert on “grit,” the much-hyped ingredient in personal success. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Barr, Roger. population was doubling about every twenty-five years 2. The Popular Sovereignty Panacea. Frontier mining played a vital role in bringing people and wealth to the West. © 2020 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Remington and Russell began to glamorize the West in their art even as the frontier was closing. For example, Mark Twain could not reconcile the usually incorrect grammar and vocabulary of Natty Bumppo with the hero's poetic outpourings at the sights of Glimmerglass and the natural surroundings of the lake. Frontier’s Safety Record gathered and hunted the bounties of the new land or cleared fields for crops, and set about establishing the rules for their new life on the frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965. American Eras: Westward Expansion 1800–1886. They endured weeks and even months of arduous travel in order to reach their destination and build the communities that defined the American West. At the Democratic Party's national convention in 1960, Kennedy implored Americans to look to the new frontiers of "science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus." From that point, on the frontier—the wild, unclaimed land—consisted of the Great Plains, the desert Southwest, and the Rocky Mountains.
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