South Carolinians, still scornful toward the Tariff of 1828, In response to the anger at the “Tariff of Abominations,” Congress, In the elections of 1832, the Nullies came out with a two-thirds. Miscellaneous. 1. APUSH Note Site: Out of Many AP Edition. A. Manifest Destiny . Extra Cram Material. Mexican independence from Spain. Clung to states’ rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. U.S. History textbook, The American Pageant.This website provides detailed summaries on American/US history from one of the most popular US History textbooks in the United States. Study Notes, LLC., 17 Nov. 2012. i.e. Chapter 13 - The Rise of Mass Democracy. All were fought off by the Canadians. meganoodle14. This time was called the New Democracy, and was based on universal white manhood suffrage. Clifford Stoll. AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more! anorris21@yahoo.com says. Conflict Over State Territories Free Soil Movement- Did not want the end of slavery but they wanted to keep Your welcome. Clay chosen, but many Southern democrats supported TX annexation, chose stronger support James K. Polk. Complete the identifications for Chapter 13. Supported Henry Clay’s American System and internal improvements. Match. Start studying APUSH Chapter 13 Notes - The Rise of a Mass Democracy. Utah (Mormons) Mexican frontier. Western Indian fighters and/or militia commanders, like Andrew. CHAPTER OUTLINE The following annotated chapter outline will help you review the major topics covered in this chapter. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Some Indians violently resisted, but the Cherokees were among the, The Cherokees, the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and the Seminoles were known as the “Five Civilized Tribes.”, However, in 1828, Congress declared the Cherokee tribal council, Jackson, though, still harbored some sentiment of Indians, and, Thousands of Indians died on the “Trail of Tears” after being. Based on the people, with “catchall” phrases for popularity. Critical Thinking Question What was the impact of territorial expansion on national unity between 1800 and 1850? View CHAPTER 13 NOTES- AMSCO- APUSH.pdf from APUSH 101 at Hayfield Secondary. By 1830, the U.S. population stood at 13 million, and as states emerged, the Indians were stranded. In 1832, Henry Clay, in a strategy to bring Jackson’s popularity, He felt that if Jackson signed it, he’d alienate his followers in. 13 1. Jackson’s supporters again raised the hickory pole while Clay’s men. But the Old South was falling on hard times and the tariff was a scapegoat; Southerners sold their cotton and farm produce in a world market unprotected by tariffs but were forced to buy their manufactured goods in an American market heavily protected by tariffs (protectionism protected Yankee and middle-state manufacturers; the farmers and planters of the Old South felt they were stuck, But much deeper issues underlay the southern outcry—in particular, a growing anxiety about possible federal interference with the institution of slavery, The congressional debate on the Missouri Compromise had kindled those anxieties and they were further fanned by an aborted slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822, led by a free black named Denmark Vesey (South Carolina tied to British West Indies), Abolitionism in America might similarly use the power of the government in Washington to suppress slavery in the South (the tariff was the issue, to take a strong stand on principle against all federal encroachment on states’ rights), South Carolinians took the lead in protesting against the “Tariff of Abominations” and their legislation went so far as to publish in 1828 a pamphlet known as, The Exposition denounced the recent tariff as unjust and unconstitutional; it bluntly and explicitly proposed that the states should nullify the tariff, Through Jackson’s first term, the nullifiers—“nullies,”—tried strenuously to muster the necessary two-thirds vote for nullification in the South Carolina legislature; but they were blocked by a determined minority of Unionists, scorned as “submission men”, Back in Washington, Congress tipped the balance by passing the new Tariff of 1832; although it pared away the worst “abominations,” it was still frankly protective and fell far short of meeting southern demands—had disquieting air of permanence, South Carolina was new nerved for drastic action; Nullifiers and Unionists clashed head-on in the state election of 1832; the state legislature then called for a special convention; several weeks later, they solemnly declared the existing tariff to be null and void in SC, As a further act of defiance, the convention threatened to take South Carolina out of the Union if Washington attempted to collect the customs duties by force, Andrew Jackson was the wrong president to stare down; although he was not a die-hard supporter of the tariff, but he would not permit defiance or disunion; Jackson privately threatened to invade the state and have the nullifiers hanged, He dispatched naval and military reinforcements to the Palmetto State, which quietly preparing a sizable army; the lines were drawn and if civil war were to be avoided, one side would have to surrender, or both would have to compromise, Conciliatory Henry Clay of Kentucky stepped forward; although he supported the tariffs, he threw his influence behind a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10 percent over a period of 8 years (rates would be back to 1816 in 1842), The compromise Tariff of 1833 finally squeezed through Congress with most of the opposition naturally coming from protectionist New England and the middle states, Calhoun and the South favored the compromise, but at the same time, Congress passed the Force Bill, known among Carolinians as the “Bloody Bill” which authorized the president to sue the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties, South Carolinians welcomed this opportunity to extricate themselves and no other southern states had sprung to their support; moreover, a Unionist minority within South Carolina was gathering guns, organizing militia, and criticizing separation, Face with civil war within and invasion from without, the Columbia convention and met again and repealed the ordinance of nullification and nullified the Force Bill, Neither Jackson nor the “nullies” won a clear-cut victory in 1833; Clay was the true hero, Jackson’s Democrats were committed to western expansion, but such expansion necessarily meant confrontation with the current inhabitants of the land, More than 125,000 Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi in the 1820s and federal policy toward them varied; beginning in the 1790s the Washington government recognized the tribes as separate nations and agreed to acquire land from them only through formal treaties; the Indians were shrewd and stubborn negotiators, Many white Americans felt respect and admiration for Indians and believed that the Native Americans could be assimilated into society (“civilizing/Christianizing”), The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was founded in 1787 and many denominations sent missionaries into Indian villages; in 1793 Congress appropriated $20,000 for the promotion of literacy and instruction among Indians, Although many tribes violently resisted white encroachment, other followed the path of accommodation; the Cherokees of Georgia made especially remarkable efforts to learn the ways of the whites; they abandoned their semi-nomadic life and adopted a system of settled agriculture and a notion of private property (schools and Cherokee alphabet), In 1808 the Cherokee National Council legislated a written legal cod, and in 1827, it adopted a written constitution that provided for executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government; some Cherokees became cotton planters and slaveholders, For these efforts the Cherokees—along with the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles—were numbered by whites among the “Five Civilized Tribes”, All this embrace of “civilization” apparently was not good enough for whites; in 1828 Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indians lands; the Cherokees appealed this move to the Supreme Court, which thrice upheld the rights of the Indians, But President Jackson, who clearly wanted to open Indians lands to white settlement, refused to recognize the Court’s decisions (in a jibe at the Indians’ defender, Jackson reportedly snapped, “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it”), Feeling some obligation to rescue “this much injured race,” Jackson proposed a bodily removal of the remaining eastern tribes—chiefly Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles—beyond the Mississippi; emigration was supposed to be voluntary because it would be cruel/unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon their land, Jackson evidently consoled himself with the belief that Indians could preserve their native culture sin the wide-open West; Jackson’s policy led to the forced uprooting of more than 100,000 Indians; in 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, providing for the transplanting of all Indians tribes then resident east of the Mississippi, Ironically, the heaviest blows fell on the Five Civilized Tribes, In the ensuing decade, countless Indians died on forced marches to the newly established Indian Territory where they were to be “permanently” free (15 years), Suspicious of white intentions from the start, Sauk and Fox braves from Illinois and Wisconsin, ably led by Black Hawk, resisted eviction; they were bloodily crushed in 1832 by regular troops, including Lieutenant Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, In Florida the Seminole Indians, joined by run-away slaves, retreated to the swampy Everglades and for seven years, they waged a bitter guerrilla war that took the lives of some fifteen hundred soldiers; the spirit of the Seminoles was broken in 1837 when the American field commander seized their leader, Osceola, under a flag of truce, The war dragged on for give more years but the Seminoles were doomed and some fled deeper into the Everglades, but about four-fifths of them were moved to Oklahoma, President Jackson distrusted monopolistic banking and over-big businesses, as did his followers; he came to share the prejudices of his own West against the Bank of the US, The national government minted gold and silver coins in the mid-19, No bank in American had more power than the Bank of the United States; in ways the bank acted like a branch of government—it was the principal depository for the funds of the Washington government and controlled much of the nation’s gold/silver, A source of credit/stability, the bank was an important part of the expanding economy, But the Bank of the United States was a private institution, accountable not to the people, but to its elite circle of moneyed investors; its president Nicholas Biddle held immense—and to many unconstitutional—amount of power over the nation’s financial affairs, Enemies of the Bank dubbed him Czar Nicolas I and called bank a “hydra of corruption”, To some the bank’s very existence seemed to sin against the egalitarian credo of American democracy; the conviction formed the deepest source of Jackson’s opposition; the Bank also won no friends in the West by foreclosing on many western farms and draining “tribute” into eastern coffers—profit, not public service, was its first priority, The Bank War erupted in 1832 when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank of the United States’ charter (would not expire until 1836), Clay pushed for renewal early to make it an election issue in 1832; Clay’s scheme was to ram a recharter bill through Congress and then send it on to the White House, If Jackson signed it, he would alienate his worshipful western followers, If he vetoed it, as seemed certain, he would presumably lose the presidency in the forthcoming election by alienating the wealthy and influential groups in the East, The recharter bill slid through Congress but was killed by a scorching veto from Jackson; the “Old Hero” declared the monopolistic bank to be unconstitutional; of course the Supreme Court had declared it constitutional in the case of, Clay and Jackson were the chief gladiators in the looming electoral combat; the grizzled old general, who had earlier favored one term for a president and rotation in office, was easily persuaded by his cronies not to rotate himself out of office, The “Old Hero’s” adherents again raised the hickory pole and bellowed, “Jackson Forever: Go the Whole Hog”; Clay’s admirers shouted, “Freedom and Clay”, Novel features made the campaign of 1832 especially memorable; for the first time, a third-party entered the filed—the newborn Anti-Masonic party, which opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic Order (force in New York), The Anti-Masons appealed to long-standing American suspicions of secret societies, which they condemned as citadels of privilege and monopoly; but since Jackson himself was a Mason and gloried in his membership, it was an anti-Jackson party, The Anti-Masons also attracted support from many evangelical Protestant groups seeking to use political power to effect moral and religious reforms, A further novelty of the presidential contest in 1832 was the calling of national nominating conventions to name candidates; the Anti-Masons and a group of National Republic added still another innovation when they adopted formal platforms, publicizing their positions on issues—Henry Clay and his National Republicans enjoyed advantages, Ample funds flowed into their campaign chest; most of the newspaper editors, some of them “bought” with Middle’s bank loans, wrote badly about Jackson, Yet Jackson, idol of the masses, easily defeated the big-money Kentuckian; a Jacksonian wave again swept over the West and “South, surged into Pennsylvania and New York, and even washed into rock-ribbed New England (219 to 49), Its charter denied, the Bank of the United States was due to expire in 1836 but Jackson was not one to let the financial octopus die in peace; he was convinced that he now had a mandate from voters for its extermination and feared that Biddle might force a recharter, Jackson decided in 1833 to bury the bank for good by removing federal deposits from its vaults; he proposed depositing no more funds with Biddle and gradually shrinking existing deposits by using them to defray the day-to-day expenses of the government, Removing the deposits involved nasty complications; president’s closest advisers opposed this unnecessary, possibly unconstitutional, and certainly vindictive policy, Jackson was forced to reshuffle his cabinet twice before he could find a secretary of the Treasury who would bend to his iron will; a desperate Biddle called in his bank’s loans, hoping to illustrate the bank’s importance by producing a minor financial crisis, A number of wobblier banks were driven to the wall by Biddle’s Panic, but Jackson’s resolution was firm; but the death of the Bank of the United States left a financial vacuum in the American economy and kicked off a lurching cycle of booms and busts, Surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state institutions—the so-called “pet banks,” chosen for their pro-Jackson sympathies; without a central bank in control, the pet banks and smaller “wildcat” banks flooded the country with paper money, Jackson tried to rein in the runaway economy in 1836; “wildcat” currency had become so unreliable, especially in the West, that Jackson authorized the Treasury to issue a Specie Circular—a decree that required all public lands be purchased with “hard” money, This drastic step slammed the brakes on the speculative boom, a neck-snapping change of direction that contributed to a financial panic and crash in 1837, His successor would have to deal with the damage of the financial panic and crisis, New political parties were gelling in the 1830s lengthened; as early as 1828, the Democratic-Republicans of Jackson had adopted the once-tainted named Democrats, Jackson’s opponents, fuming at his ironfisted exercise of presidential power began to coalesce as the Whigs—a new deliberately chosen to recollect 18, The Whig party contained so many diverse elements that it was mocked as “an organized incompatibility”; hatred of Jackson and his “executive usurpation” was the only cement, The Whigs first emerged as an identifiable group in the Senate where Clay, Webster, and Calhoun joined forces in 1834 to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his single-handed removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States, After, the Whigs evolved into a potent national political force by attracting other groups alienated by Jackson: supporters of Clay’s American System, southern states’ righters offended by Jackson’s stand on nullification, northern industrialists and merchants, and many of evangelical Protestants associated with Anti-Masonic party, Whigs thought of themselves as conservatives, yet they were progressive in their support of active government programs and reforms; instead of boundless territorial acquisition, they called for internal improvements and supported institutions, The Whigs welcomed the market economy, drawing support from manufacturers in the North, planters in the South, and merchants and bankers in all sections, By absorbing the Anti-Masonic party, Whigs blunted much go the Democratic appeal to the common man; anti-Masons portrayed Jackson and Van Buren as imperious aristocrats, The secretary of state, Martin Van Buren of New York, was Jackson’s choice for “appointment” as his successor in 1836; leaving nothing to chance, Jackson carefully rigged the nominating convention and rammed his favorite down the throats of delegates, Van Buren was supported by the Jacksonites without wild enthusiasm, even though he had promised “to tread generally” in the footsteps of his predecessor, As the election neared, the organization of the Whigs showed in their inability to nominate a single presidential candidate; their long-shot strategy was instead to run several prominent “favorite son,” each with a different regional appeal and hope to scatter the vote so that no candidate would win the majority (vote would belong to the House), The “favorite son” was General William Henry Harrison, the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe, the schemes of the Whigs availed to nothing, however, Van Buren, squired into office by the close popular vote but by the comfortable margin of 170 to 124 votes (for all the Whigs combined) in the Electoral College, Martin Van Buren, eighth president, was the first to be born under the American flag, An accomplished strategist and spoils man—the “wizard of Albany”—he was also a statesman of wide experience in both legislative and administrative life, From the outset the new president labored under sever handicaps, As a machine-made candidate, he incurred the resentment of many Democrats—those who objected to having a “bastard politician” smuggled into office behind Jackson, Mild-mannered Martin Van Buren seemed to rattle in the military boots of his testy predecessor; the people felt let down and Van Buren inherited the Jackson’s enemies, Van Buren’s four years overflowed with toil and trouble; a rebellion in Canada in 1837 stirred up ugly incidents along the northern frontier and threatened to trigger war with Britain; the president attempted to play a neutral game, The antislavery agitators in the North were in full cry; among other grievances, they were condemning the prospective annexation of Texas; worst of all, Jackson bequeathed to Van Buren the makings of a searing depression—hard times ordinarily blight the reputation o the president and Van Buren was no exception, Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury, The panic of 1837 was a financial sickness of the times; its basic cause was rampant speculation prompted by a mania of get-rich0quickism—gamblers in western land s were doing a “land-office business” on borrowed capital, much of it the shaky currency of “wildcat banks”—the speculative craze spread to canal, roads, railroads, and slaves, But speculation alone did not cause the crash; Jacksonian finance, including the Bank War and the Specie Circular, gave an additional jolt to an already teetering structure, Failures of wheat crops, ravaged by the Hessian fly, deepened the distress, Grain prices were forced so high that mobs in New York City Stormed warehouses and broke open flour barrels, three weeks before Van Buren took the oath, Financial stringency abroad likewise endangered America’s economic house of cards; late in 1836 the failure of two prominent British banks created tremors, and these in turn caused British investors to call in foreign loans—resulting pinch in the United States, combined with other setbacks, heralded the beginning of the panic, Europe’s economic distresses have often become America’s distresses, for every major American financial panic has been affected by conditions overseas, Hardship was acute and widespread; American banks collapsed by the hundreds, including some “pet banks,” which carried down with them several millions in gvt funds; commodity prices drooped, sales of public lands fell off, and customs revenues dried, Factories closed their doors and unemployed workers milled in the streets, The Whigs came forward with proposals for active government remedies for the economy’s ills; they called for the expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal improvements but Van Buren spurned all such ideas (shackled by Jackson), The beleaguered Van Buren tried to apply vintage Jacksonian medicine to the ailing economy through his controversial “Divorce Bill”; convinced that some of the financial fever was fed by the injection of federal funds into private banks, he championed the principle of “Divorcing” the government from banking altogether, By establishing a so-called independent treasury, the government could lock its surplus money in vaults in several of the larger cities; government funds would thus be safe, but they would also be denied to the banking system as reserves (lest credit resources), Van Buren’s “divorce” scheme was never highly popular; his fellow Democrats only supported it lukewarmly and the Whigs condemned it primarily because it squelched their hopes for a revived Bank of the United State—after a prolonged struggled, Independent Treasury Bill passed Congress in 1840 but was repealed in the next year (reappeared), Americans, greedy for land, continued to covet the cast expanse of Texas, which the United States had abandoned to Spain when acquiring Florida in 1819; the Spanish authorities wanted to populate this unpeopled area but Mexico won its independence, A new regime in Mexico City thereupon concluded arrangements in 1823 for granting a huge tract of land to Stephen Austin, with the understanding that he would bring into Texas three hundred American families—they were to be of Roman Catholic faith, Two stipulations were largely ignored; hardy Texas pioneers remained Americans at heart (didn’t become Mexicanized) and resented the trammels imposed by a “foreign” government—they were especially annoyed by the presence of Mexican soldiers, Energetic and prolific, Texan-Americans numbered about thirty thousand by 1835; most of them were law-abiding, God-fearing people, but some of them, had left the “States” only one or two jumps ahead of the sheriff (“G.T.T.” Gone to Texas), Among the adventurers were Davy Crockett, the famous rifleman, and Jim Bowie, the presumed inventor of the murderous knife that bears his name; a distinguished latecomer and leader was an ex-governor of Tennessee, Sam Houston, The pioneer individualists who came to Texas were not easy to push around; friction rapidly increased between Mexicans and Texans over issues such as slavery, immigration, and local rights; slavery was a particularly touchy topic, Mexico emancipated its slaves in 1830 and prohibited the further importation of slaves into Texas, as well as further colonization by troublesome Americans, When Stephen Austin went to Mexico City in 1833 to negotiate these differences with the Mexican government, the dictator Santa Anna clapped him in jail and the explosion final came in 1835 when Santa Anna wiped out all local rights and started to raise an army, Early in 1836 the Texans declared their independence, unfurled their Lone Star flag, and named Sam Houston commander in chief; Santa Anna, swept ferociously into Texas, Trapping a band of nearly two hundred Texans at the Alamo in San Antonio, he wiped them out to a man after a thirteen-day siege, Colonel W. B. Travis had declared, “I shall never surrender nor retreat….
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